![]() ![]() In Japan, only 10.3% of university students and 18.9% of workers reported SA. Allen indicated that adrenocorticotropin release before awakening, which facilitates sympathetic nervous activity, reduces sleep inertia. ![]() observed that the heart rate gradually increased before SA and suggested that the increased heart rate facilitates a smoother transition from sleep to awakening. People who plan to SA show increasing sympathetic nervous activity before waking up, suggesting that the body prepares for waking up before sleep termination. Moreover, self-awakening (SA), a method of waking up at a predetermined time without an alarm, is an effective strategy for reducing sleep inertia. Research on factors influencing sleep inertia has suggested strategies for reducing sleep inertia, including sleeping for an optimal duration and waking up from light sleep. Reducing sleep inertia helps people awaken refreshed in the morning. Studies have also suggested that the effect of sleep stages and circadian timing on sleep inertia was influenced by sleep loss (deprivation). Studies on the effect of endogenous circadian cycles on sleep inertia indicated that sleep inertia is worse after nights when the core body temperature is lower than the day. Research on the relationship between sleep stages and sleep inertia has reported that performance decreased upon waking from SWS sleep compared to N1, N2, and REM sleep. reported that performance was worse after chronic restricted sleep when sleep opportunities for a 24-h day were 5.6 h compared to normal sleep when sleep opportunity for a 24-h day was 8 h. Sleep deprivation studies on the relationship between sleep loss and sleep inertia have indicated that sleep inertia worsens on partial sleep deprivation (2 h) nights compared to sufficient sleep (8 h) nights. These factors include prior sleep deprivation, the length of waking time prior to sleep, the sleep stage at awakening, circadian timing of awakening, the amount of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) slow-wave sleep (SWS), and the method of waking. Many factors increase the intensity and duration of sleep inertia. Sleep inertia appears after normal nocturnal sleep, and its duration rarely exceeds 30 min. Moreover, sleep loss (deprivation) increases sleep inertia, which is a transitional state of reduced arousal and impaired cognitive and behavioral performance immediately upon awakening. Sleep loss (deprivation) has led to increased daytime sleepiness and bad moods on awakening, with impairments of specific cognitive function and decreased immune, inflammatory and cardiovascular functions. The Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) reported in 2020 that the mean sleep time of Japanese people was 7 h 12 min, down from 8 h 13 min in 1960. Today, the nocturnal sleep duration has become shorter for most people. Using a snooze alarm prolongs sleep inertia compared to a single alarm, possibly because snooze alarms induce repeated forced awakenings. Furthermore, Global Vigor values were enhanced after awakening compared to pre-sleep in the no-snooze condition. Stage N1 sleep is non-rapid eye movement sleep that is primarily defined as a drowsy state. However, during the last 20 min of sleep with snooze alarm, the snooze alarm prolonged waking and stage N1 sleep. Study 2 indicated no differences in the sleep quality or quantity before awakening with or without the snooze alarm, except in the last 20 min. Moreover, 70.5% reported often using the snooze function of their mobile phones, mainly to reduce anxiety about oversleeping. Of 293 valid respondents in study 1, 251 often used a tool to wake up in the morning (85.7%). In study 2, we compared a separate sample of university students ( n = 10) for the effects of using or not using a snooze alarm on sleep inertia immediately after awakening from normal nocturnal sleep in a sleep laboratory. ![]() In study 1, healthy Japanese university students responded to a sleep survey during a psychology class (study 1), and we collected 293 valid responses. ![]() We examined the effects of a snooze alarm on sleep inertia, which is a transitional state characterized by reduced arousal and impaired cognitive and behavioral performance immediately upon awakening. Many people use the snooze function of digital alarm clocks for morning awakening, but the effects of a snooze alarm on waking are unclear. ![]()
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